Zan lama energy planner-te muhil thei tur thil pakhat chu hetiang hi a ni: thli a tleh tawh loh a, ni a tlak tawh a, mahse mi zawng zawngin an electric car an la charge a, an air conditioner an la run reng a nih chuan eng nge thleng? Hypothetical problem a ni tawh lo. Ram hrang hrangte chuan renewable energy target lam an pan nasa chho zel a, thil tak takah kan tlan lut ta a, chu chu thil chiang tak leh mak tak maia buaithlak tak a ni-thli leh ni chakna hi an hnathawh laiin a ropui hle a, mahse i mamawh tak tak lai chuan an inrem lo hle a ni.
Energy lian tham khawlkhawm hian mamawh a tuar thei em tih chhanna tawi chu: technically chuan a ni a, mahse khawiah mah kan la inpeih lo. Tin, chuta thlen theihna kawng chu policy document tam zawkin an pawm duh aiin a buai zawk bawk.
Engvangin Nge Hei Hi I Ngaihtuah Ai Nge A Pawimawh
Mi tam zawk chuan solar panel hian zanah hna a thawk lo tih an hrethiam. A langsar lo zawk chu a variability hi eng ang taka wild nge a nih theih tih hi a ni. Kar khat-a chang chuan thla-ram pum huap thli siam chhuah chu a chakna atanga a tlem berah a tlahniam thei tih ka sawi a ni. Weather pattern hian kan energy mamawh hi a ngaihtuah lo va, historical data hian heng lulls te hi eng chen nge an awm theih tih chungchangah thudik nuam lo tak tak a tarlang a ni.
Britain dinhmun hian hei hi a tilang chiang hle. Kum 2050-ah chuan net zero an tum a, hei hian thlipui tleh turbine leh solar farm lian tak tak a siam tihna a ni. Mahse, theoretically-a ram chu a let hnih zeta chakna pe thei tur khawpa renewable capacity i siam a nih pawhin, generation tlakchhamna hun i la nei tho ang. Gap pawh a tlem lo. Tuna hman mek eng pawh-a tam zawk, Britain-a pumped hydro facility zawng zawngin an pek theih zawng zawng aiin a let sangkhat vel zeta tam zawk, scale-a energy dahkhawm a ngai tih kan sawi a ni. Chu chu typo a ni lo.
Chuti a nih chuan Large Scale Energy Storage atana duhthlan tur awmte chu engte nge ni?
Hei hi thil ngaihnawm tak a ni a, a chhan chu magic solution pakhat mah a awm lo. Storage technology hrang hrangte hian thil hrang hrangah an thiam hle a, darkar tlemte chhunga energy dahkhawmna atana hnathawk chu seasonal storage atana i mamawh nen a inang lo.
Battery a awm bawkheadline zawng zawng hmu vek a, chhan ṭha tak vangin-an hmasawn chak hle a, hun rei lote-chhunga dahkhawmna atan pawh ropui takin an thawk a ni. Mahse hei hi a mantu chu a ni: battery hi hnam pakhat electric ni emaw kar khat emaw chhunga dah theihna tura i scale up chuan a man a to hle. Economics hian darkar 4-6 vel backup pawh a ni mai thei, energy storage lian tak tak atan chuan a la thawk lo chauh a ni. Bumps tihfai nan an tha hle a, kar hnih chhung thli tleh hniam tak bridging atan an tha lo zawk.
Pumped hydro hmanga siam a niis the old reliable-pump water uphill when you have excess electricity, power i mamawh hunah turbine kaltlangin hnuai lam pan leh rawh. A thawk a, a finfiah tawh a, a efficient tawk hle bawk. Buaina chu? Geography chungchang. Reservoir tha tak tak awmna hmun dik tak i mamawh a, hmun tha tam zawk chu lak a ni tawh bawk. Pumped hydro project thar siam hian boruak leh ruahmanna siamna kawngah harsatna chi hrang hrang a tawk a ni.
Compressed air hmanga thil dahkhawmnasounds clever-electric tam lutuk hmangin lei hnuaia lungpui chhungah boruak compress la, a hnuah turbine khalh turin chhuah tir rawh. Mahse sumdawnna lamah chuan a la chhuak tak tak ngai lo. Round-trip efficiency hi a ropui lo hle a, geological formation bik i mamawh bawk.
Tichuan a awm leh tahydrogen dahkhawmna hmun, chu chu exotic angin a lang thei a, mahse hun rei tak chhunga energy lian tak tak dahkhawmna atana solution hmantlak ber a ni mai thei. Concept chu a dik tawk a ni: renewable electric tam lutuk hmangin electrolysis hmangin tui chu hydrogen leh oxygen-ah then rawh. Hydrogen chu dah la, chutah chuan power plant-ah hal la, electric i mamawh leh hunah fuel cell hmangin kalpui rawh.
Heng Inbiaknaah hian Hydrogen a lo chhuah zel chhan
Hydrogen storage chungchanga a langsar ber chu efficiency a ni lo-a nihna takah chuan battery nena khaikhin chuan a tha lo hle a, round trip-a energy 60-70% vel a hloh mai thei. Mahse efficiency hi engkim a ni lo. Energy lian tham khawlkhawmna atana pawimawh chu dahkhawmna unit khata senso a ni a, hetah hian salt cavern-a hydrogen chu a hipna a lo ni ta a ni.
Hemi atan hian salt caverns hi a mak hle. I solution-mine thei (basically dissolve the salt out with water), an naturally sealed leh stable an ni. Chu aia pawimawh zawk chu an lian hle. Cavern pakhatah hian hydrogen a khawlkhawm thei a, chu chuan gigawatt-hours electric a siam chhuak thei a ni. Tin, Britain ang hmun-chu ram dang tam tak-chuan lei hnuaiah hian chi (salt deposit) tam tak an nei a, chu chuan kan sawi tak storage capacity lian tak chu a huam thei a ni.
Economics pawh hian hna a thawk danglam hle. Battery hmang hian i cost chu roughly linear takin a scale a, capacity-double the storage, double the price. Salt cavern-a hydrogen awm hian a man to ber chu electrolysis hmanrua leh electric-a inthlak lehna tur fuel cell (or power plant) te hi a ni. Storage ngei pawh hi? Cavern i laih chhuah hnuah unit khatah a man tlawm deuh. Hei hian i mamawh hma thla tam tak chhunga awm thei tur chakna tam tak dahkhawmna atan a danglam bik hle.
Tuman sawi duh loh Timing Problem
Hetah hian policy ambitions chu physical reality-ah a tla thla ta a ni: he infrastructure siam hian hun a duh a ni. Hun tam tak a ni. Salt cavern-a solution mining hi weekend chhunga tih tur a ni lo. Cavern pakhat atan kum tam tak kan sawi a, chu chu tam tak i mamawh a ni. Hydrogen electrolysis facility te, pipeline te, power siamna hmanrua te-heng zawng zawng hian sum chauh ni lovin sak hun rei zawk a mamawh a ni.
UK (or ram eng pawhin) hian an mamawh huna energy dahkhawmna lian tham tak tak chu inpeih reng an duh em em a nih chuan tunah hian sak hna hi a tam emaw a tlem emaw tan a ngai a ni. Feasibility study round dang neih leh hnu kum nga chhung ni lovin, tunah chuan. "Hei hi kan ngaihtuah tur a ni mai thei" leh "he operational hi kan mamawh tak zet" tih inkar hi miten an hriat aiin a khar rang zawk a ni.
Mahse, Demand chu A Handle Tak Tak Em?
Zawhna hmasa lam pan leh ila: energy storage system lian tak takte hian theoretically-in demand an handle thei a, mahse a hun taka kan siam tling a, technology hrang hrang a dik taka kan mix a nih chauhvin. Darkar-to-hour balancing atan battery i duh ang a, a awmna hmunah pumped hydro engemaw zat i duh mai thei a, chutiang hun rei tak chhung renewable generation hniam tak atan hydrogen storage lian tak i duh bawk ang.
Constraint tak tak chu technology a ni lo-willpower leh investment a ni. Kan mamawh system te hi technically feasible mahse mi tam tak tan abstract anga ngaih hlawkna tur atan tunah hian commitment leh spending a ngai a ni. Hydrogen infrastructure hian solar farm thar angin press release ngaihnawm tak tak a siam lo a, chutiang bawka pawimawh ni mahse.
Engtin nge market mechanism i siam tih zawhna a awm bawk a, chu chuan building storage capacity a siam a, chu chu a tam zawkah chuan idle-in a thu thei a ni. Traditional electricity market te hi hetiang flexibility requirement atan hian an duang lo. Mi pakhat chuan khaw lum leh khaw vawt a ṭhat lai leh i hman tlem lai pawhin massive storage reserve siam leh enkawl man a pe a ngai a ni.
Eng Nge Thleng Tur
Renewables lama kan inthlak lai hian large scale energy storage hian demand dik tak a handle theih nan thil engemaw zat a inmil a ngai a ni. Investment frameworks hian storage hlutna a hriat a ngai a, chu chu hman tlem mahse pawimawh tak-insurance i claim ngai loh beisei ang chi hi a ni. Planning permission leh environment assessment te hi enkawlna dik tak hlan lovin chak zawka kal a ngai a ni. Tin, dik tak chuan mipuiin an hriatthiam a ngai a, "clean energy future" hian infrastructure tam tak a huam a, chu chu glamorous ni lo mahse a tul tak zet a ni.
Alternative chu a appealing lo. Energy storage lian tham tak i neih loh chuan fossil fuel backup i nei a, chu chuan a tum a titawp a, emaw, renewables-in demand a phuhruk theih loh hunah periodic blackout pawm emaw, chu chu tumahin an duh lo. A nih loh leh renewable capacity nasa takin i overbuild a, chu chu shortfall i tawk tlem hle-mahse chu chu economically wasteful leh land{3}}intensive a ni.
Energy policy-ah chuan storage hi topic sexiest ber a ni lo a, mahse kan ngaihven tawk lo ber chu a ni mai thei. Large scale energy storage hian demand a handle theih leh theih loh chu technical capability-ah a innghat lo va, kan mamawh tak tak hmaa a tul anga siam kan duh leh duh lohah a innghat zawk a ni. Tin, chu window chu mi tam zawkin an hriat aiin a khar chak zawk bawk.