Conversion-type anode material-ah hian metal oxide, phosphide, sulfide, leh nitride te a tel ber a ni. Electrochemical process-ah chuan heng thilte hian formation emaw decomposition emaw a tichak alithium compound te a awm bawkmetal-te reduction emaw oxidation reaction emaw hmangin. Multi-electron redox process-a an tel theih avangin heng thila siam anode-te hian 1000 mA·bg thlenga sang reversible capacities an nei a ni.
FeO3 a ni
An man tlawm, toxicity tlem lutuk, natural reserve tam tak, leh a bik takin theoretical specific capacity sang tak avang hian iron oxide material te hi lithium-ion battery atana anode material atan nasa takin zirchian a ni tawh a ni. Iron oxide compound hman tlanglawn tak takte chu -Fe2O3, -Fe2O3, leh Fe3O3 te an ni. Heng compound te hian theoretical specific capacities 1007 mA·h/g leh 926 mA·h/g vel an nei a ni. Mahse, iron oxide hian practical application-ah harsatna tam tak a tawk a ni. Charge–discharge process repeated laiin electron/ion transport kinetics slow leh volume expansion/contraction nasa tak hian capacity decay rang tak leh iron oxide electrode rate performance tha lo a thlen thin. Chu bakah, bulk iron oxide materials hian a pianphungah electrical conductivity a hniam hle bawk. Heng thilte sutkian nan hian zirchiangtute chuan morphology leh structure control, carbon coating, leh conductive sang tak substrate hmanga composite material siam te ang chi strategy an hmang ber a ni. Heng approach te hian strategy hrang hrang inzawmkhawm hmangin synergistic effects an nei fo thin a, hmasawnna engemaw zat a awm bawk.
CoO3 a ni
Cobalt oxide (CoO1), Co3O4 leh CoO te pawh hi theoretical specific capacities sang tak an neih avangin lithium-ion battery atana anode material atan nasa takin zirchian a ni tawh bawk. Iron oxides ang bawkin CoO1 hian harsatna inang a tawk a: charge–discharge process chhunga volume lian tak inthlak danglamna, intrinsic electrical conductivity tha lo, leh slow reaction kinetics, chu chuan capacity decay rang tak leh cycling stability tha lo a thlen thin. Guan leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. oxygen chu reaction precursor atan hmangin single-phase eight-sided Co3O4 nanodisk an siam chhuak a. Heng nanodisk te hi particle size 100–200 nm an ni a, current density sang taka cycle an nih chuan reversible specific capacity 474 mA·h/g vel an pe chhuak a ni. He result hian CoO1 electrochemical performance-ah morphology leh particle size hian nghawng lian tak a nei tih a tarlang. Wang leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. Co3O4 nanoneedles buatsaih chu hydrothermal method hmanga titanium substrate-a direct-a tihpun a ni. Heng nanoneedles te hian current collector nen electrical contact tha tak an lantir mai bakah volume expansion pawh tha takin an buffer bawk. 0.2C-a cycle 30 an hman hnuah pawh reversible capacity sang tak 1015 mA·h/g an la nei reng a ni.
Component pahnih emaw a aia tam emaw atanga siam CoO2 composite system tan chuan component hrang hrangte inkara synergistic effect hian electrochemical performance pumpui a tichangtlung lehzual thei a ni. Entirnan, cobalt oxide chu conductive sang tak carbon-based material emaw metal oxide dang emaw nena inzawmkhawm hian rate performance leh cycling stability nasa takin a tisang thei a ni. Hei hian he field-a composite system design leh development lam ngaihven a hlawh hle.
ZnO
Zinc oxide hian lithium-ion battery atana anode material atan pawh ngaihven a hlawh hle a, a chhan chu theoretical specific capacity sang tak, man tlawm, siam awlsam leh morphology hrang hrang a neih vang a ni. ZnO hian lithium nen hian alloying (Li–Zn alloy siam) leh conversion (Li2O siam) te inzawmkhawm hmangin an inrem a ni. A theoretical specific capacity hian 978 mA·h/g a thleng thei a, hei hi graphite anode aiin a sang zawk hle. Mahse, zinc oxide hian electrical conductivity tha lo, charge–discharge cycle repeated laiin volume expansion/contraction nasa tak a tuar a, cycling laiin inactive Li2O tam tak a siam chhuak bawk. Heng thilte hian capacity decay chak tak, rate performance tha lo, leh ZnO electrode te cycle life tawi te a thlen thin. Heng thilte sutkian nan hian zirchiangtute chuan morphology leh structure control, carbon coating, heteroatoms hmanga doping, leh ZnO-based composites constructing highly conductive substrate te ang chi strategy an hmang ber a ni. Heng hmanrua te hian modification strategy hrang hrang inzawmkhawmin lithium storage performance tha zawk an nei fo thin a, metal zincate compound thenkhat pawhin electrochemical performance tha tak an nei bawk.
4. MP2
Tun hnaiah lithium-ion battery atana anode material hmannaah pawh metal phosphides hian ngaihven a hlawh hle bawk. Heng compound te hian a tlangpuiin lithium nen hian conversion mechanism hmangin an inrem a, formula unit khata multi-electron transfer reaction avang hian theoretical specific capacities sang tak tak an nei fo bawk. Mahse, a tlangpuiin lithiation/delithiation laiin volume expansion lian tak an tuar a, chu chuan pulverization leh active particle leh current collector inkara electrical contact hloh a thlen a, hei hian an practical application nasa takin a tikhawtlai a ni.
Chumi zingah chuan tun hnaiah iron, cobalt, nickel, leh copper-based phosphides te hi nasa takin an zirchiang tawh a ni. Iron phosphide te hi entirnan la ila, an theoretical specific capacities chu 500–1800 mA·h/g a tling thei a ni. Tin, metal phosphide te hian metal oxide leh metal sulfide te aiin lithium storage voltage sang zawk (a tlangpuiin 0.5–1 V vs. Li+/Li) an lantir tlangpui a, hei hian fast charging laiin lithium dendrite siam theihna a tihziaawm thei a ni. Chubakah, metal phosphide te hian a tlangpuiin a inmil metal oxide te aiin electrical conductivity sang zawk an nei a, hei hi rate performance tihchangtlunna atan a hlawkthlak hle. Chuvangin, carbon-based material hmanga metal phosphide nanostructure leh an composite te rational design chu he field-a research direction pawimawh tak a lo ni ta a ni. Entirnan Ni2P, NiP2, NiP3, Ni5P4, CoP, Co2P, CoP3, FeP, FeP2, Cu3P, etc. Heng compound te hian zirchiannaah lithium dahkhawmna tha tak an lantir vek a, hman tangkai theihna nasa tak an lantir a ni. Ni2P leh Li–Ni–P ternary compound te hian an structure danglam bik leh electrical conductivity sang tak avang hian ultrafast lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation reaction pawh an nei thei a ni.