Performance characteristic pawimawh ber pakhat chuenergy dahkhawmna battery te a nichu an discharge performance a ni. Condition hrang hrang hnuaia battery discharge behavior characterize tur chuan battery discharge curve teh a ngai a, chu chu a tlangpuiin hun kal zelah discharge voltage inthlak danglamna lantir curve a ni. Discharge condition hrang hrangte hi discharge strategy hrang hrang hmanga hriat theih a ni a, discharge strategy hrang hrang hian discharge curve hrang hrang a siam ang. Discharge strategy-ah hian a tlangpuiin discharge method, discharge current, termination voltage, leh ambient temperature te a tel thin.
Discharge dan tur
Battery hian a discharge theih dan kawng thum a awm a, chungte chu current discharge reng reng, resistance discharge reng reng, leh power discharge reng reng te an ni. Discharge curve tlangpui chu Figure 1-5-ah hian tarlan a ni a, hei hian heng discharge mode pathum hnuaia discharge hun chhunga discharge current, voltage leh power inthlak danglamna a tarlang a ni.
Constant-resistance discharge lai hian battery operating voltage leh discharge current chu hun kal zelah a tlahniam zauh zauh thin. Chutiang bawkin constant-current discharge hnuaiah pawh discharge process kal zel angin operating voltage pawh a tlahniam ve bawk. Hetianga discharge hun rei tak nena operating voltage tlahniam hi battery chhunga resistance a san vang a ni. Chubakah, power tools, electric vehicle leh thil dang danga battery power hman a nih chhoh zel avangin constant-power discharge chu a hluar chho zel a ni. Constant-power discharge lai hian battery voltage a tlahniam zel a, discharge current chu discharge a kal zel angin a sang zel thung.
Discharge current a awm bawk
Battery hman lai hian a current chhuah chu discharge current an ti a. Discharge current hi discharge rate tia sawi a ni bawk a, darkar khata rate (hourly rate tia hriat bawk) leh multiplier hmanga sawi a ni fo bawk.
Discharge rate tih hian battery discharge rate a kawk a, discharge time atanga teh a ni. A bik takin, discharge current bik hmanga battery capacity fully release theihna hun a ni a, a tlangpuiin darkar (h)-a tarlan a ni. Entirnan, battery rated capacity 10 amp-hours (A·h) tan chuan current 2A hmanga discharge a nih chuan a discharge rate inmil chu darkar 5 (10A·h/2A=5h) a ni a, battery chu darkar 5 rate-a discharge tihna a ni.
Discharge rate hian current value a kawk a, chu chu battery rated capacity multiple anga tarlan a ni a, chu chu battery full capacity chu hun bituk chhunga a full release a nih chuan a ni. Entirnan, 2C discharge tih hian discharge current chu battery rated capacity aiin a let hnih a ni tihna a ni a, a tlangpuiin 2C (C hian battery rated capacity a entir) a ni. Rated capacity 10A·h nei battery tan chuan 2C discharge (hetah hian dimensional issue a awm a, chu chu capacity leh current unit te hi a inang lo a, mahse hei hi hman tlanglawn tak a nih avangin tihdanglam a ni dawn lo) tih hian discharge current chu 2 x 10=20 (A) a ni tihna a ni a, chu chu discharge rate 0.5h nen a inmil a ni. Battery chi hrang hrang leh design hrang hrangte hian discharge condition-a adaptability hrang hrang an nei a: thenkhat chu low-current discharge atan an tha zawk a, thenkhat erawh chu current sang takah an thawk tha zawk thung. A tlangpuiin discharge rate 0.5C aia tlem emaw, a tlukpui emaw chu low rate an ti a; 0.5C leh 3.5C inkar te chu medium rate an ti a; 3.5C leh 7C inkar te chu high rates an ti a; tin, 7C aia sang chu ultra-high rates an ti bawk.
Termination voltage a awm
Battery discharge lai hian initial voltage value chu starting operating voltage anga sawi a ni a; voltage chu further discharge a rem tawh lohna threshold-a a tlak chuan he voltage point hi termination voltage an ti a ni. He termination voltage value bik hi tester hian test mamawh tak tak leh a hmaa thil tawn atanga a set tlangpui thin.
Set termination voltage hi discharge condition hrang hrang leh battery capacity leh lifespan a nghawng dan a zirin a danglam thin. Termination voltage hniam zawk hi temperature hniam zawk emaw, current discharge condition sang- hnuaiah emaw hman a ni tlangpui a, termination voltage sang zawk erawh chu low-current discharge condition hnuaiah set a ni tlangpui thung. Hei hi a chhan chu battery electrode inkara polarization hi low-temperature emaw high-current discharge laiin nasa takin a pung a, chu chuan active materials hman kim lohna leh voltage tlahniam chak zawk a thlen vang a ni. Chuvangin, termination voltage dik taka tihhniam hian energy tam zawk a chhuah tir thei a ni. Chumi kalh zawng chuan low-current discharge hman hian battery chhunga active components te chu a hmang tangkai zawk thin. Chutiang a nih chuan deep discharge tihtlem nan termination voltage tihpun hian battery dam chhung zawng zawng chu a ti rei thei hle.
Ambient temperature a ni
Figure 1-6 a kan hmuh angin ambient temperature hian discharge curve ah nghawng lian tak a nei a. Temperature sang zawkah chuan discharge curve hian trend nêm tak a lantir a; mahse, khaw lum a tlahniam chuan he inthlâk danglamna hi a nasa zual sauh sauh a ni. A chhan bulpui ber chu temperature hniam takah chuan ion te migration rate a tlahniam a, chu chuan ohmic internal resistance a tisang a ni. A nasat lutuk chuan temperature a hniam lutuk chuan electrolyte chu a freeze thei a, chu chuan battery discharge process pangngai a tikhawlo thei a ni. Chubakah, temperature hniam zawkah chuan electrochemical polarization leh concentration polarization te chu a inmil tawkin a sang a, discharge curve decay rate a ti chak zual hle bawk.
Figure 1-6 Lead-acid battery te chu boruak lum leh vawt hrang hranga discharge curve te
Capacity leh capacity bik
Battery capacity tih hian discharge condition thenkhat hnuaia battery atanga electric hmuh theih zat a kawk a ni. Unit hi ampere-hour (Ah) anga tarlan a ni tlangpui. Thil awmdan tak tak a zirin battery capacity hi theoretical capacity, actual capacity leh rated capacity-ah te then belh theih a ni.
Theoretical capacity (Co) tih hian active material chu battery electrochemical reaction-a a tel kim vek chuan ideal condition hnuaia electric pek theih zat a kawk a ni. He value hi active material mass atanga chhut a ni a, Faraday-a dan zawm a ni. Faraday-a dan chuan electrode-a reaction-a tel material mass leh a charge transfer zat inkarah hian direct proportional relationship a awm tih a sawi a battery electrochemical process-ah active material 1 mol a tel chuan 26.8 A·h emaw 1 farad (F) emaw tlukpui charge a chhuah thei a ni. Chuvangin a hnuaia calculation formula hi a awm a ni:
Formula-ah chuan m chu active substance chu a insiam kim vek huna a mass a ni a; n chu flow reaction chhunga electron hmuh emaw hloh emaw zat a ni a; leh M chu active substance-a molar mass a ni.
Formula-ah chuan K hi active substance electrochemical equivalent an ti a.
Equation (1.5) a kan hmuh angin electrode theoretical capacity chu active material mass leh electrochemical equivalent nen a inzawm a ni. Active material mass inang chiah chiah a awm chuan electrochemical equivalent a tlem poh leh theoretical capacity a lian zawk thin. Electrode material thenkhat electrochemical equivalent chu Table 1-3-ah hian tarlan a ni.
Table 1-3 Electrode Material thenkhat Electrochemical Equivalent te
| Negative Electrode hmanga thil siam chhuah a ni | Density (g/cm3) a ni. | A theihna bik (mA·h/g) . | Positive Electrode hmanga thil siam chhuah a ni | Density (g/cm3) a ni. | A theihna bik (mA·h/g) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | SOCl2 | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | Kal ta | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO2 | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO2 | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag2O a ni | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li)Cl2 a ni | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO2 a ni | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Chu bakah, actual capacity leh rated capacity tih concept te pawh hman a ni fo bawk. Actual capacity tih hian battery pakhatin discharge condition bik hnuaia electric a pek theih zawng zawng a kawk a ni. Actual capacity hi theoretical maximum value chauh ni lovin discharge condition bikte pawhin a tihkhawtlai a ni.
Rated capacity erawh chu battery design leh siam chhuah laia standard set a ni a; chu chu battery-in discharge condition bik hnuaia a neih tur output capacity tlem ber, nominal capacity tia hriat bawk tihna a ni.
Series khat chhunga battery chi hrang hrang tehkhin hian evaluation atan specific capacity hman a ni tlangpui. A bik takin, specific capacity tih hian battery-in unit mass emaw volume khata electric a pek theih zat a kawk a, chu chu mass specific capacity (Ah/kg) leh volumetric specific capacity (Ah/L) tihna a ni. Battery mass leh volume chhiar hunah electrode material leh electrolyte ngaihtuah bakah battery chhunga thil dang, casing, separator leh a kaihhnawih conductive component te pawh ngaihtuah tel a ngai tih hriat a pawimawh hle. A bik takin storage battery leh fuel cell-te tan chuan total mass leh volume-ah hian auxiliary equipment mamawh zawng zawng pawh a tel vek a, chu chu liquid dahna tur tank, activation device (storage battery atan), emaw active material dahna leh supply system, control system, heating unit, etc. (fuel cell tan) te hi a ni.
Specific capacity concept kan rawn luh tir hian battery chi hrang hrang leh size hrang hrang te performance kan khaikhin thei a ni. Battery capacity hi theoretical capacity leh actual capacity-ah then a ni a; chutiang bawkin, specific capacity pawhin theoretical leh actual aspect a nei bawk.
Energy leh energy bik
Battery energy tih hian discharge condition bik hnuaia hna a thawh huna battery-in electrical energy a chhuah zawng zawng a kawk a, a tlangpuiin watt-hours (W·h)-a tarlan a ni. Battery energy hian theoretical energy leh actual energy a nei bawk.
Battery chu discharge laiin equilibrium-ah a awm reng a, a discharge voltage chu a electromotive force nen a inang reng ang a, chubakah active material zawng zawng chu chemical reaction-ah an tel vek nia ngai ila, battery-in energy a pek chu a theoretical maximum energy Wo nen a inang tur a ni.
Battery theoretical energy chu battery-in temperature awm reng, pressure awm reng, leh reversible discharge condition hnuaia non-volume work a tih tam ber a ni.
Actual energy (W) tih hian battery-in discharge condition thenkhat hnuaia a pek tak tak energy a kawk a ni. Numerically derived a ni a, a capacity tak tak chu average operating voltage nen a puntir a ni. Battery chhunga active materials te hi hman kim theih a nih loh avangin, a operating voltage pawh theoretical electromotive force aiin a hniam tlangpui avangin actual energy hi theoretical energy aiin a tlem zawk fo thin.
Specific energy tih hian battery pakhatin unit mass emaw unit volume khata a chhuah chhuah energy a kawk a ni. Battery unit mass khata energy output chu mass specific energy anga sawi a ni a, a tlangpuiin kilogram khata watt-hours (Wh/kg)-a teh a ni. Battery unit volume khata energy output chu volumetric specific energy tia sawi a ni a, a tlangpuiin liter khata watt-hours (Wh/L)-a tarlan a ni. Chubakah, specific energy concept hi theoretical (W) leh actual (W)-ah then belh theih a ni a, chutah chuan theoretical mass specific energy chu equation (1.9) hmangin chhut theih a ni:
Formula-ah chuan K+ hi positive electrode material electrochemical equivalent a ni a; K- chu negative electrode material electrochemical equivalent a ni a; leh E chu battery electromotive force a ni.
Thuneihna leh thiltihtheihna bik
Battery power tih hian battery pakhatin discharge condition bik hnuaia unit time khata a energy output a kawk a, a tehna unit chu watt (W) emaw kilowatt (kW) emaw a ni. He output power hi battery mass emaw volume emaw nena inzawm a ngaihtuah chuan specific power concept a lo chhuak a ni. A bik takin mass specific power hian battery unit mass pakhatin power watt engzat a pek theih tih a teh a, a unit chu W/kg a ni a; volumetric specific power erawh chuan battery unit volume khata power siam chhuah a lantir thung a, a corresponding unit chu W/L a ni.
Power leh specific power hian battery discharge rate a tarlang a ni. Battery power sang zawk chuan battery chu current sang emaw rate sang emaw ah a discharge thei tihna a ni. Entirnan, zinc-silver battery hian medium current density-a discharge a nih chuan specific power 100 W/kg aia tam a nei thei a, hei hian internal resistance hniam leh high{4}}rate discharge performance tha tak a tilang a ni. Chumi danglamna chu zinc-manganese dry cell battery hian current density hniam taka a thawh hian 10 W/kg power bik a nei thei chauh a, hei hian internal resistance sang tak leh high-rate discharge performance tha lo a tilang a ni. Battery energy ang bawkin power hian theoretical power leh actual power a nei bawk.
Battery theoretical power chu hetiang hian sawi theih a ni:
Formula-ah chuan t chu hun a ni a; Co hi battery theoretical capacity a ni a; tin, kei hi current ka ni.
Battery chakna tak tak chu hetiang hi a ni tur a ni:
Formula-ah chuan I2R hian battery chhunga resistance in power a hman zat a entir a ni. He power hi applied load tan chuan a tangkai lo va; a bul berah chuan heat energy-ah a inthlak a, heat angin a chhuak thin.
Cycle nun chhung zawng
Battery tan chuan cycle life emaw usage cycle emaw hi battery performance tehna atana thil pawimawh tak pakhat a ni. Charge-discharge cycle kimchang apiang chu battery pakhat tan hun bituk anga ngaih a ni.
Charge-discharge condition bik hnuaiah chuan battery pakhatin a capacity a value bituk a tlak hmaa cycle a tuar theih zat chu a cycle life emaw usage cycle emaw tihna a ni. Cycle dam rei poh leh battery cycle performance a tha zawk.Battery chi hrang hrang hian cycle life hrang hrang an lantir a; entirnan, nickel-cadmium battery hian cycle sang tam tak a nei thei a, zinc-silver battery erawh chuan cycle tlem zawk a nei a, ṭhenkhat chu za aia tlem pawh a nei thei thung. Hriat tur chu battery chi khat pawh hian an chhungril structure inang lo vangin cycle life hrang hrang an nei thei a ni.
Battery cycle life hi thil chi hrang hrangin a nghawng a ni. A hman dan dik leh enkawl dan tur bakah hian a hnuaia thil pawimawh tak takte hi a hman theih bawk: 1 Charge-discharge cycle-ah hian active material surface area chu a tlahniam zauh zauh a, chu chuan operating current density a tisang a, polarization a tipung a 2 Electrode-a active components te chu an inthen thei a, an transfer thei bawk; 3 Battery hman lai hian electrode material thenkhat chu a chhe thei a; 4 Cycle kal laiin electrode-a dendrite lo awm hian battery chhungah short circuit a siam thei a; 5 Separator chu a chhe thei a; 6 Active material crystal morphology chu charge-discharge cycle repeated laiin a inthlak a, chu chuan a activity a tihtlem phah a ni.
Storage hnathawh dan
Battery storage performance tih hian battery chhunga natural energy hloh zat a kawk a, chu chu environment condition bik (temperature leh humidity ang chi) hnuaia open-circuit state-a a awm laiin a ni. He thil thleng hi self-discharge tia hriat a ni bawk. Storage chhunga energy hloh zat a tlem chuan battery hian storage performance tha tak a nei tih a tilang a ni.
Battery chu open-circuit state-a a awm chuan pawn lamah electrical energy pe lo mah se, self{1}}discharge process a la tawk tho. Hetiang thil thleng hi electrolyte environment-a electrode-te thermodynamic instability vang a ni ber a, hei hian electrode inkara spontaneous redox reaction a thlen thin a ni. Dry condition hnuaiah pawh seal a tight tawk lo a nih chuan pawn lam thil, boruak emaw, moisture emaw infiltration hian battery chhungah self-discharge effect a la tichhuak thei tho a ni.
Self-discharge rate hi battery-in a dah luh hunah a value ruat sa, shelf life tia hriat, ni engzat nge a mamawh tih angin a sawi theih bawk.Dry shelf life leh wet shelf life a awm bawk. Entirnan, storage battery, hman hmaa electrolyte dah tel lovin, rei tak dah theih a ni a; chutiang battery chuan dry shelf life rei tak a nei thei. Electrolyte hmanga dahkhawmna chu wet storage an ti a; wet storage hian self-discharge effect a tichak zawk a, wet shelf life pawh a tawi zawk bawk. Entirnan, zinc-silver battery hian dry shelf life kum 5–8 a nei thei a, a wet shelf life erawh chu a tlangpuiin thla tlemte chauh a ni thung.