Cathode material hi lithium ion awmna bulpui ber a ni alithium-ion battery hmanga siam a ni. Charging lai hian cathode material crystal lattice atang hian lithium ion lakchhuah a ni a, anode material ah a lut a; a lehlam chu discharge laiin a thleng thin. Charging leh discharge laiin cathode material-a reversible capacity leh voltage plateau hian lithium-ion battery energy density a hril nasa hle. Chubakah, cathode material-ah hian lithium, cobalt, leh nickel ang chi metal a awm avangin lithium-ion battery man atana thil pawimawh ber a ni.
Energy density sang tak, output voltage sang tak, service life rei tak, leh siam awlsamna nei cathode material siam chhuah hi thil pawimawh tak a ni. Cathode material tha ber chuan a hnuaia basic conditions te hi a tlin tur a ni.
(1) Redox potential sang tak a nei a, battery tan output voltage sang tak a neih theih nan.
(2) Lithium ion tam thei ang ber a dah thei a, battery capacity sang tak a neih theih nan.
(3) Lithium ion dah leh lakchhuah chhung hian cathode material hian a structural stability a vawng reng thei a, chu chuan electrode tan cycle life rei tak a siam thei a ni.
(4) Electronic leh ion conductivity tha tak a nei a, polarization effect avanga energy hloh chu a ti tlem thei hle a, chu chuan battery charge leh discharge chakna a tichiang a ni.
(5) Battery-a operating voltage range chu electrolyte-a electrochemical stability range chhungah a awm tur a ni a, chu chuan electrode material leh electrolyte inkara chemical reaction tul lo tak takte chu a ti tlem thei ang.
(6) A man tlawm leh synthesis process awlsam tak a neih mai bakah environment friendliness sang tak a lantir tur a ni.
Chubakah, cathode material hian electrochemical leh thermal stability tha tak a lantir bawk tur a ni.
Cathode material awm tawhte chu an crystal structure danglamna a\\angin chi thum-ah then theih a ni ber a: 1 layered structure, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) leh ternary materials (LiNiCo, Mni-x-yO2) te 2 olivine structure, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) ang chi te; 3 spinel structure oxide, lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) leh lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4) te a awm a. Cathode chi hrang hrang hian energy density, electrochemical characteristic leh cost hrang hrang an nei a, a tawpah chuan field hrang hrang leh application scenario hrang hrang atan a tha hle. Layered structure cathode materials tih hian layered microcrystalline structure nei cathode material a kawk a, a bik takin lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, leh lithium-rich manganese oxide te a tel a ni. Chumi zingah chuan lithium cobalt oxide leh lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide te hi tunah hian digital electronic product leh power lithium-ion battery-a lithium-ion battery siamna atana cathode material hman lar ber an ni. Energy density sang tak, cycle performance tha tak, leh overall performance tha tak te an ni a, mahse metals nickel, cobalt, leh manganese te an tam avangin man to zawk a ni.
Lithium cobalt oxide cathode hmanga siam a ni
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) hi American scientist leh Nobel laureate in Chemistry, JB Goodenough chuan a hmuchhuak a, Sony Corporation of Japan chuan kum 1990 chho khan an hralh chhuak hmasa ber a ni. Tun thleng pawh hian lithium cobalt oxide hi cathode material volumetric energy density sang ber zinga mi a la ni reng a ni. Hemi avang hian digital pouch cell product volumetric energy density sang tak mamawh, mobile phone, smartwatch, leh Bluetooth headset-ah te hman a ni nasa hle.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4.45V a ni). Chubakah, LiCoO2 hian electronic leh ionic conductivity, power efficiency, leh fast-charging characteristics sang zawk a lantir a, tuna consumer electronics battery mamawh a phuhruk a, chuvangin hmanna hrang hrang a nei a ni. Heng property te atanga chhut chuan LiCoO2 hi tun thlenga cathode material tha ber pawl a la ni reng a ni.
Lithium cobalt oxide siam dan tlangpui chu high-temperature solid-state synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, leh low-temperature coprecipitation te hi a ni. High-temperature solid-state synthesis-ah hian lithium salt leh cobalt-containing oxides emaw hydroxides te chu stoichiometric ratio bik-ah an pawlh a, chu chu temperature remchang takah hun engemaw chen calcine-in, chumi hnuah cooling, pulverizing leh sieving-in sample lak a ni. Industrial production-ah hian high-temperature solid-state synthesis method hi hman lar tak ni mah se, hun-a hmang tam tak a ni a, synthesis temperature sang tak a mamawh a, stoichiometric deviation nasa tak nei powder lian tak tak, inang lo tak tak, homogeneous tak tak a siam chhuak a, chu chuan a man nasa takin a tisang a ni.
Phosphate cathode hmanga siam a ni
Kum 1997 khan Goodenough leh a thawhpuiten an sawi. a hmasa berah chuan lithium-ion battery siamna atana cathode material atan lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) a rawt a.
A man tlawm, a structure nghet tak, leh a himna sang tak avang hian he thil hi zawi zawiin electric bus leh energy storage system-a lithium-ion battery siamna atana cathode material duh ber pakhat a ni ta a ni.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) hian iron phosphate (FePO4) nen hian crystal structure leh crystal system inang an nei a. Hei hian a awmzia chu lithium-ion insertion/extraction laiin material hian volume change tlemte chauh a tawk tihna a ni a, hei hian volume expansion emaw contraction emaw avanga lattice chhiatna a veng thei a ni. Chubakah, he characteristic hian particle leh conductive additives te inkarah electrical contact tha tak a siam a, chu chuan cycle stability tha tak leh dam rei tak a siam a ni. Chu bakah, lithium iron phosphate hi boruak tichhe lo, a man tlawmna, a himna tha tak, specific capacity sang tak (170 mA·h/g vel), leh charge/discharge platform nghet tak a neih avangin a hmingthang hle. Heng thatnate hi ngaihtuah chuan lithium iron phosphate hi cathode materials atan chuan energy storage application lian tak takah chuan duhthlan tur tha takah ngaih a ni.
A hman dan tur chu sol-gel process, coprecipitation technique, leh hydrothermal synthesis te a ni. A bik takin, hydrothermal synthesis hian autoclave-a target product chu direct-in temperature leh pressure tihsanin a siam chhuak a, awlsam taka hmuh theih iron, lithium leh phosphorus compound te chu raw material atan a hmang a ni. Hetiang method hi a hnathawh awlsam tak, particle size te leh uniform tak, leh energy consumption tlem vangin hriat a ni. Mahse, industrial production-ah chuan tihkhawtlai a nei a, a chhan ber chu pressure-resistant container bik siam a ngai vang a ni. Coprecipitation erawh chu solution system-ah an ti a, chutah chuan precursor morphology chu thil hrang hrangin a nghawng a, chu chu concentration, temperature control, pH adjustment, leh stirring rate te a ni. Heng parameters te hian final sintered LiFePO material performance-a thutlukna siamtu chanvo an neih dan ngaihtuah chuan experimental condition uluk taka thlan a pawimawh hle. Hetiang hmanga siam thil siamte hian microstructure characteristic tha tak tak (chu chu, particle size te tak te leh inang lo) an nei mai bakah electrochemical property tha zawk an nei bawk a mahse, hriat tur chu hnathawh dan zawng zawng hi a buaithlak hle a, processing neih chhung hian filtration lama harsatna leh bawlhhlawh sawngbawlna chungchangah harsatna a awm thei a ni.
Lithium manganese oxide leh lithium-manganese tamna-based cathode material te hi a ni
Lithium manganese oxide hmanga siam a ni
Lithium-ion battery cathode materials zirchiannaah hian cathode material pawimawh leh sumdawnna atana hman theih dang chu Thackeray leh a thawhpuiten an rawt spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode material hi a ni. in 1983. Spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide hi cubic crystal system-ah a tel a ni. A chemical composition tlangpui chu LiMn2O4 a ni. LiMn2O4 crystal structure-ah chuan oxygen chu face-centered cubic close-packed structure-ah a awm a, manganese leh oxygen erawh chuan octahedral structure an siam thung a, a hnuaia lem a kan hmuh ang hian.
Manganese hi a pianphungah a tam hle a, spinel-type lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) siam danah hian mizia hrang hrang a awm a ni. A synthesis route leh processing technology hian a tawp ber microstructure leh grain development a nghawng nghal vek a ni. Chuvangin, heng synthesis process te hi optimize hi electrode materials te electrochemical performance tihchangtlun nan practical application ah a pawimawh hle. Tunah hian industry leh academia te chuan LiMn2O4 siam nan hian kawng chi hnih lian tak an hmang nasa hle a: pakhat chu solid raw materials inkara inzawmna atanga siam a ni a, chungte chu high-temperature solid-state reaction, microwave-assisted synthesis, leh molten salt media-a impregnation treatment te hi a ni.
Category dang pakhat chu liquid environment-a chemical transformation a ni a, entirnan a tlangpuiin sol-gel technology, hydrothermal synthesis, leh coprecipitation technique te hi a ni. LiMnzO4 hian a man a thatna, thermal stability tha tak, overcharge resistance chak tak, leh environment tana hlawkna tha tak a neih avangin ngaihven a hlawh hle. Mahse, he material hian cycling leh storage performance-ah tlakchhamna a nei a, a bik takin temperature sang takah chuan a cycling performance a chhe nasa hle a, chu chuan capacity loss tihdanglam theih loh a thlen thin.
lithium-manganese tamna-a siam a ni
Lithium manganese oxide bakah hian layered lithium-rich manganese-based materials te hian lithium-ion battery atana cathode material thar chhuak angin ngaihven a hlawh hle.
Lithium-rich manganese-based cathode material siam danah hian solid-state method, sol-gel method, leh co-precipitation method te a tel a ni. Solid-state method ah hian metal oxide leh metal carbonate emaw metal hydroxide te chu direct-in a zatvea inhmeh tir a, chu chu high{1}temperature solid-state reaction hmanga layered lithium-rich materials hmuh theih a ni. Solid-state method thatna chu layered lithium-rich materials tam tak a siam chhuah theihna te, a buatsaih dan awlsam tak te, a man tlawm te hi a ni. A that lohna chu solid-state sintering laiin solid diffusion coefficient tha lo a nih bakah, transition metal hrang hrangte hian solid-state reaction-ah diffusion rate hrang hrang an neih avangin particle te tan diffuse tawk a harsat avangin a ni. Chuvangin, synthesized material uniformity a tha lo a, hei hian cathode material performance a nghawng a ni. Sol-gel method ah hian integrator-ah transition metal salt solution dah hmasain sol siam a, chutah chuan tui chu evaporate-in gel-ah siam a, a tawpah chuan dry leh calcining-in layered lithium-rich materials hmuh a ni. Hetiang method hian material distribution inang leh thianghlimna sang tak a siam chhuak a, electrode siam chhuah te hian electrochemical performance tha tak an lantir bawk. Mahse, a chhiatnaah chuan fabrication cycle rei tak a awm a, integrator tam tak (organic acid emaw ethylene glycol) a mamawh a, chu chuan sum senso a tisang hle. Chubakah, layered lithium-rich material siam chhuah te hi a tam zawk chu fine nano/micron particles, actual density hniam tak tak an ni. Chuvangin, tunah hian he method hi laboratory setting-ah layered lithium-rich materials siamna atan hman a ni ber a, sumdawnna atana hman a harsa hle.
Nickel cathode material sang tak-a awm
Researcher-te chuan hun rei tak chhung chu cathode siamnaah hian high-temperature stability leh rate performance tha tak chu an tum ber atan an lo zawng tawh a ni
lithium-ion battery siamna atana hmanraw hman tur. Material lian pathum zingah - LiCoO2, LiNi11₋ᵧCo2MnᵧO2 (NCM), leh LiFePO4 - NCM hi cathode material beisei awm ber pawla ngaih a ni a, a chhan chu a specific capacity sang lutuk, raw material man tlawm zawk, LiCoO2 nena khaikhin chuan himna tha zawk a nih vang a ni environment friendlyness leh traditional materials aiin a man a to zawk.
He material chi hi -NaFeO2-type layered crystal structure inang a nei a, R-3m space group-ah a tel a ni. He concept hi Liu et al. in 1999. Cathode material pathum - lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), leh lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO2) te thatna chu fing takin a thlunzawm a - thil pakhat zel a tlin lohna awmte chu a tha thei ang bera a khum a ni (Figure 5-6-a kan hmuh ang hian). Transition metal elements ratio siamrem hian specific capacity, cycle performance, safety, leh cost inkara balance tha ber chu a awm lehzual thei a ni.
Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) ternary cathode material crystal structure hi a bul berah chuan LiCoO2 nen a inang a, an pahnih hian hexagonal layered structure-a mi an ni.
